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Pre-higher
Education System
Scolarité
obligatoire: 5 à 16 ans
Ecole primaire de 4 à
12 ans BASISONDERWIJS (PRIMARY SCHOOL)
Length of program (years):
8
Age level:
from 4 to 12
Ecole préprofesionnelle de 12 à 16 ans ( 4 années)
Type of school:
VOORBEREIDEND BEROEPSONDERWIJS (PRE-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION)
Length of program (years):
4
Age level:
from 12 to 16
Certificate awarded:
VBO CERTIFICATE
Type/level of education: Junior Secondary
Type of school:
JUNIOR GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
Length of program (years):
4
Age level:
from 12 to 16
Certificate awarded:
MAVO CERTIFICATE
Type/level of education: General Secondary
Type of school:
GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
Length of program (years):
5
Age level:
from 12 to 17
Certificate awarded:
HAVO DIPLOMA
Type/level of education: Pre-university
Type of school:
PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Length of program (years):
6
Age level:
from 12 to 18
Certificate awarded:
VWO CERTIFICATE
Type/level of education: Vocational
Type of school:
MIDDELBAAR BEROEPSONDERWIJS (INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION
)
Length of program (years):
4
Age level:
from 16 to 20
Certificate awarded:
MBO DIPLOMA
Type/level of education: Apprenticeship
Type of school:
LEERLINGWEZEN (APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING)
Length of program (years):
2
Age level:
from 16 to 18
Certificate awarded:
LLW
Description of
secondary school system
Secondary education consists of VBO (pre-vocational
education), MAVO (junior general secondary education), HAVO (senior
general education), VWO (pre-university education) and other forms
of secondary education. There are 16 options within the VBO. Those
with a VBO certificate can then go on to the MBO or enter the apprenticeship
system. The MAVO prepares for intermediate secondary vocational
education. Many MAVO certificate holders go on to HAVO or opt for
the aprenticeship system. HAVO prepares for higher professional
education. Students go on to the VWO or choose senior secondary
vocational training instead of higher professional education. VWO
prepares for university studies. There are 3 kinds of VWO certificates:
atheneum, gymnasium and unified VWO certificate.
Higher
Education System
Structure of system
The Netherlands higher education system is a binary
system, composed of Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs (WO - university
education) and Hoger Beroepsonderwijs (HBO - non-university professional
higher education). A fairly new type of higher education is the
Open Universiteit (OU - Open University) which offers fully recognized
university and HBO degree programmes, as well as courses of distance
education. Internationaal Onderwijs (IO) (international education),
generally conducted in English, is mainly designed to meet the needs
of foreign students.
Main types of
higher education institutions in country
Type of institution:
UNIVERSITEIT
Translation:
UNIVERSITY
Type of institution:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT
Translation:
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution:
LANDBOUW UNIVERSITEIT
Translation:
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution:
HOGESCHOOL
Translation:
HBO INSTITUTE, PROFESSIONAL COLLEGE
Type of institution:
OPEN UNIVERSITEIT
Translation:
OPEN UNIVERSITY
Type of institution:
INSTELLING VOOR INTERNATIONAAL ONDERWIJS
Translation:
INSTITUTION FOR INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
Main laws/decrees
governing higher education
Name of law/decree:
The Higher Education and Research Act (WHW)
Date:
1 August, 1993
Institution type: university
and higher vocational institutions
Administrative
structure of higher education
Name of body: Ministry
of Education, Culture and Science. Department of University Education
Role:
Principal authority responsible for administration, financing and
coordination of higher education
Address:
P.O. Box: 25000
Street: Europaweg 4
City: Zoetermeer
Postal code: 2700 LZ
Telephone: 31-79-3232323
Telex: 32636 minow nl
Fax: 31-79-3232320
Name of body: Vereniging
van Samenwerkende Nederlandse Universiteiten (VSNU) / Association
of Universities of the Netherlands
Role:
Dawing-up a common policy of long-term development of education
and research; promoting interuniversity co-op.,
and co-op. between univ.
and the Ministry.
Address:
P.O. Box: 19270
City: Utrecht
Postal code: 3501 DG
Telephone: 31-30-2363888
Fax: 31-30-2333540
E-Mail: bestuur@vsnu.nl
Name of body:
Association of Dutch Polytechnics and Colleges (HBO-raad)
Address:
P.O. Box: 123
Street: Prinsessegracht 21
City: The Hague
Postal code: 2501 CC
Telephone: 31-70-362-4951
Fax: 31-70-365-5816
Name of body:
Rectors' Conference of the Netherlands
Address:
P.O. Box: 19270
City: Utrecht
Postal code: 3501 DG
Telephone: 31-30-2363888
Fax: 31-30-2333540
Academic year
Classes start:
September
Classes end:
June
Long vacation:
from 15 July, to 1 September
Languages of instruction
Dutch
Country:
Stages and Organization of
Higher Education Studies
Higher vocational/technical studies
HBO provides theoretical and practical preparation
for professional practice. The courses are given in Hogescholen.
Graduates of a four-year
technical or agricultural course earn the title of
'ingenieur'. For the other branches of study, the title is that
of 'baccalaureus'. Internationally, the title of bachelor may be
used. The HBO propaedeuse gives entry to the first year of a university
course. HBO graduates may proceed to postgraduate programmes.
University
level studies
Stage 1:
First phase
Description: This stage consists a propaedeutisch
course of one year.
Stage 2:
HBO or doctoraal programme
Description: The second stage exists at two levels:
HBO and doctoraal. A) HBO education combines practical training
with theoretical instruction. It is divided into 7 sectors: technology,
administration and economics, health care, fine and performing arts,
education and teacher training, agriculture and welfare services.
The HBO programme is 4 years in length (including the propaedeuse)
in all fields. Each programme is divided into 2 parts: 1. Hoofdfase
(main part) and 2. 'stage' (internship), after which the degree
'Getuigschrift HBO' is conferred and students may use the title
of baccalaureus or, in engineering, ingenieur (ing). B) Doctoraal:
The purpose of the doctoraal is to give students a thorough background
in a chosen discipline as well as the research skills necessary
to master it. A minimum of 3 years is required after the propaedeuse
but statistics show that most students need 4 years to complete
the doctoraal phase. The last year is devoted to the preparation
of a 'scriptie', where the student demonstrates his skill in conducting
independent research. Graduates of the 'doctoraal' obtain the title
of doctorandus (drs.), ingenieur (ir.) or, in law, meester (mr.).
Stage 3:
doctoraat
Description: The Dutch doctoraat is obtained by way
of a procedure known as the 'promotie'. It is a research degree
which entitles the holder to the title of doctor (dr.), the highest
university degree in the Netherlands. After the doctoraal, it can
be obtained in 2 ways: 1. by
serving as 'Assistent in Opleiding' (AIO) or 'Onderzoeker
in Opleiding' (OIO), i.e. assistant researchers, the former of which
is also doing some teaching. Over a period of 4 years, candidates
are required to carry out the necessary research and to write a
doctoral dissertation. They are paid a small salary which increases
every year. Competition for these positions is tough. 2. By researching
and writing a doctoral dissertation under the supervision of a full
professor. The dissertation has to be defended in public. Post-doctoraal
programmes are third stage training and research programmes which
do not lead to the title of doctor but give access to a wide variety
of high-level professions in medicine, pharmacy, accounting etc.
Teacher
education
Training of primary/basic
school teachers
Since 1984 the training of both pre-primary and primary
school teachers has been integrated in the Pedagogische Academie
voor het Basisonderwijs (PABO), which is one type of HBO higher
professional training course and lasts 4 years. The programme covers
35 weeks and graduates are certified to teach upon completion of
the entire programme.
Training of secondary
school teachers
There are 2 types of qualifications for secondary
school teachers. The first (highest) level qualification (eerstegraads
bevoegdheid) gives the
right to teach at all levels of secondary education
and HBO. It is obtained after completing a 1-year post-doctoraal
university course
(universitaire lerarenopleiding) which is only open
to university graduates. The second level teaching qualification
(tweedegraads
bevoegdheid) gives the right to teach in vocational
schools, MAVO schools and the first three years of HAVO and VWO.
Training of higher education
teachers
There are no special credentials which qualify for
teaching at the higher education level.
Non-formal studies
Distance higher education
The best example of non-traditional distance education
is the Open Universiteit. The only entrance requirement is that
students be at least
18 years old. Students define their own programme
and proceed at their own pace, which means that the programme's
length varies according to the student. Qualifications are certificates
from one or several courses, a diploma awarded upon completion of
several courses combined into a short study programme, a doctoraal
or a HBO degree.
Lifelong higher education
Regulated by the Adult Education Framework Act, adult
education comprises non-formal education and development work, adult
basic education and adult general secondary education (VAVO).
Higher education in industry
Post-secondary courses offered by privately-owned
institutions in business and industry are so numerous and so varied
in their admission
policies that they cannot be enumerated here.
Grading
system
Usual grading system
in (upper) secondary school
10-uitmuntend(excell.);9-zeer goed(very good); 8-goed(good);
7-ruim(very satisfactory); 6-voldoende(pass); 5-bijn voldoende (fail);4-onvoldoende(unsatisfactory);3:zeer
onvoldoende(very unsatisfactory);2:slecht(poor);1:zeer slecht(very
poor)
Highest on scale:
10
Pass/fail level:
6/5
Lowest on scale:
1
Main grading system generally
used by higher education institutions
10-uitmuntend (excellent); 9-zeer goed (very good);
8-goed (good); 7-ruim (very satisfactory); 6-voldoende (pass); 5-bijn
voldoende (fail);
4-onvoldoende (unsatisfactory); 3:zeer onvoldoende
(very unsatisfactory); 2:slecht (poor).
Highest on scale:
10
Pass/fail level:
6/5
Lowest on scale:
1
Other main grading system
used
voldoende/onvoldoende (pass/fail)
Admissions to Higher
Education
Admission
to Vocational/Technical Studies
Admission to higher vocational/technical
or other professionally oriented non-university level studies
Secondary school credential/certificate/diploma(s)
required for entry
Name of sec. school credential:
HAVO DIPLOMA
For: HOGESCHOOL
Numerus clausus established
in the country for students entering higher vocational/technical
education
At level of institutions:
Y
Admissions
to university level
Secondary school credential/certificate/diploma(s)
required for entry
Name of sec. school credential:
VWO DIPLOMA
For: HOGESCHOOL and UNIVERSITEIT
Total number of years of
primary and secondary school study: 12
Alternative(s) to these
credentials:
Students who have passed
the preliminary year of higher education are eligible for admission
to the universities.
Other admission requirements
established at national level:
Theology/classical studies: Latin & Greek; medical
sciences, pharmacy: biology, physics and chemistry; other natural
sciences, mathematics and engineering: mathematics and physics;
economics/social sciences: mathematics.
Numerus clausus established
in the country for students entering university level education
At level of institutions:
N At country/state
level: Y
Specified restrictions
of the country/state level:
Universiteit/Medicine numerus clausus for specific
programmes are determined by the Ministry of Education and vary
from year to year;
universiteit/dentistry; universiteit/pharmacy;hogeschool/rehabilitation
medicine.
Admission for foreign students
Special admission requirements
for foreign students at national level:
Definition of a "foreign"
student:
For the purpose of evaluation: a student admitted
to an institution of higher education on the basis of a foreign
diploma, whether he has Dutch nationality or not. For the purpose
of statistics, scholarships: any student who does not hold a Dutch
passport.
Quotas established for
foreign students:
At institution level: N
At country/state level: Y
Quotas at the country/state
level: Medicine, 2% of all applicants, dentistry, 2% of all applicants,
pharmacy, 2% of all applicants.
Special entry regulations
for foreign students in country/state:
Every foreign student needs a residence permit. To
be eligible for this permit one must: hold a valid passport, be
registered in a full-time
course of study, have enough money to cover study
and living expenses, have medical insurance, have enough money to
pay for a return ticket. Nationals of some countries may apply and
obtain a residence permit after their arrival in the Netherlands;
others must obtain an authorization of temporary residence (MVV)
from the Netherlands embassy or consultate of their country.
Health requirements:
none
Language proficiency
requirements for foreign applicants whose first language is not
the language of instruction
Are there examinations at
institution level? Y
Other special academic
requirements for foreign students set up at national level:
Foreign students in the Netherlands must have reached
in their home country a level of education considered at least equivalent
to that
required for entry into the proposed university or
HBO-programme. In addition, certain programmes require sufficient
preparation in subjects
at the secondary level.
Authority to whom foreign
student applications should be addressed:
Application to individual
institutions: Y
For entry to: HBO
Application to national/central
body: Y
For entry to: 1st year university
Name of national/central
body: for universities only: CBAP
Address of body:
P.O. Box: 888
City: Groningen
Postal code: 9700 AW
Earliest application closing
date for foreign students admissions
For Tech./Voc. non-university
level studies:
For first university level
studies: 1 December
Reference to further
information materials on foreign students admissions
Title:
Studying in Netherlands
Publisher: Nuffic
Title:
Higher Education in the Netherlands
Publisher: Nuffic
Recognition
of studies and qualifications
System of "recognition"
or "accreditation" of studies completed and credentials awarded
within the country:
Description:
Main bodies recognized/accrediting credentials: Ministry
of Education and Science; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Welfare,
Health and
Cultural Affairs.
Practice regarding access
to the professions:
Access to the professions is not restricted to nationals.
All holders of a Dutch qualification have automatic access to a
profession, but certain restricted professions (accountant, architect,
teacher, all (para)medical professions) are protected by law and
their practice requires permission from the relevant Ministry.
Policy for transfer and
recognition of studies and degrees between institutions of the country:
After passing a propaedeutisch examen in one university,
a student can transfer to another to study a doctoraal in the same
discipline. Holders of a doctoraal can be admitted for a doctorate
at any Dutch university.
Recognition of
studies completed and credentials awarded in foreign countries
Bodies primarily addressing questions relating to
the recognition of foreign credentials and studies in higher education
Name of body: Nuffic
(Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher
Education)
Address:
P.O. Box: 29777
Street: Kortenaerkade 11
City: The Hague
Postal code: 2502 LT
Telephone: 31-70-4260271
Telex: 33565 nuffic nl
Fax: 31-70-4260399
E-Mail: kouwenaa@nufficcs.nl
Recognition of foreign credentials
to enter an institution:
Y
Recognition of foreign credentials
to enter a profession: N
Description of services
provided and types of students dealt with:
Evaluation of foreign qualifications
upon request of institution of higher education.
Name of body: Ministry
of Education and Science
Address:
P.O. Box: 25000
Street: Europaweg 4
City: Zoetermeer
Postal code: 2700 LZ
Telephone: 31-79-531911
Telex: 32636 minow nl
Fax: 31-79-531953
Recognition of foreign credentials
to enter an institution:
N
Recognition of foreign credentials
to enter a profession: Y
Description of services
provided and types of students dealt with:
In case of restricted professions:
evaluation of academic record.
Other authorities responsible
for accreditation and recognition of foreign credentials and studies:
Some universities carry out
their own evaluations.
For access to university
level studies:
1) HBO: For holders of foreign qualifications regardless
of nationality there are no special provisions nor practices. The
institution decides
and the applicants should contact the Hogeschool of
their choice. 2) Universiteit: Institutions are empowered by law
to make their own
decisions regarding admission and recognition of diplomas.
For access to advanced
studies and research:
Institutions are empowered by law to make their own
decisions.
Principal multilateral agreements adopted by the country relating
to recognition of studies, degrees and diplomas
Name of agreement: EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE EQUIVALENCE
OF DIPLOMAS LEADING TO ADMISSION TO UNIVERSITIES
Year of signature: 1956
Name of agreement: UNESCO CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION
OF STUDIES, DIPLOMAS AND DEGREES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE STATES
OF THE EUROPEAN REGION
Year of signature: 1981
Name of agreement: EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE ACADEMIC
RECOGNITION OF UNIVERSITY QUALIFICATIONS (1959)
Year of signature: 1967
Name of agreement: PROTOCOL TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION
ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF DIPLOMAS LEADING TO ADMISSION TO UNIVERSITIES
Year of signature: 1964
Name of agreement: EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE EQUIVALENCE
OF PERIODS OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES
Year of signature: 1956
Principal biliteral
agreements signed by the country relative to recognition of studies,
degrees and diplomas
Country: Germany
Agreement name/reference:
AGREEMENT ON EQUIVALENCE OF DEGREES
Date:
23 March, 1983
Country: Austria
Agreement name/reference:
AGREEMENT ON EQUIVALENCE OF DEGREES
Date:
21 October, 1985
Student services
Main student services
at national level
Name of service: Netherlands
Office for Foreign Student Relations
Address:
Street: Rapenburg 6
City: Leiden
Category of service provided:
Special services/Centre for foreign students
Name of service: Netherlands
Office for Foreign Student Relations
Address:
Street: Oranje Nassaulaam 5
City: Amsterdam
Postal code: 1075 AH
Category of service provided:
Special services/Centre for foreign students
Is there a national social
security system health insurance for home students? N
Special travel concessions
for students:
By road: Y
By rail: Y
By air:
N
Is it available for foreign
students? N
Principal national
student associations and unions
Name: Landelijke Studenten
Vakbond
Student expenses and financial
aid
Average student expenses
in national currency:
Average living costs
for current academic year: Netherlands Guilder 14000
| Tuition and fees for national students |
Tuition and fees for foreign students |
| Minimum: Netherlands Guilder 1950 |
Minimum: Netherlands Guilder
1950 |
| Maximum: |
Maximum: |
†
|
Financial aid available for Higher Vocational/Technical
studies |
Financial aid available for first degree
studies |
Financial aid available for advanced/doctoral
studies |
| Grants for foreign students: |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| Grants for home students: |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| Loans for foreign students: |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| Loans for home students: |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Main body(ies)
providing information on foreign student financial aid
Name: Informatiseringsbank
Address:
City: Groningen
Name: Student service
offices of universities and hogescholen
Address:
Publication(s)
listing scholarships/grants/loans available
Title:
The Netherlands Fellowships Programme
Publisher:
Federation of Institutes for International Education (FION)
Year of publication: 1996
Title:
Study Abroad, 1996-1997
Publisher:
UNESCO
Year of publication: 1995
International Cooperation
Principal national bodies responsible for facilitating international
cooperation and exchanges in higher education
Name: Nuffic (Netherlands
Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education)
Address:
P.O. Box: 29777
Street: Kortenaerkade 11
City: The Hague
Postal code: 2502LT
Telephone: 31-70-4260101
Telex: 33565 nufic nl
Fax: 31-70-4260107
Cable: 33565 nufic nl
E-Mail: dirsecr@nufficcs.nl
Participation of country in multilateral
or major bilateral higher education exchange programmes
Name of programme: ERASMUS
Name of programme: COMETT
Name of programme: Council
of Europe
Name of programme: EEC
Name of programme: NATO
Name of programme: Tempus
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