European
Quality Link (EQUAL) European MBA Guidelines
Preamble
The European Quality Link (EQUAL), the European association of national
accrediting bodies, has as its main objective the continued improvement
of quality in business schools. As part of this activity, EQUAL
aims to agree common standards for programmes, where appropriate, and to
establish benchmarks.
The Master of Business Administration (MBA) is the first widely accepted
international degree, but there are variable interpretations of the nature
of this degree. The members of EQUAL have therefore agreed on
a European MBA framework. The following guidelines are intended to
assist business schools, inform participants and employers, and also contribute
to the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) process. They reflect
a common interest in creating transparency in the market and encouraging
the convergence of such degrees. In addition, these guidelines
may be used to influence governmental regulatory initiatives.
Guidelines
1. The MBA is a postgraduate degree at the Master's level and
must correspond to minimum intellectual and academic standards for such
degrees. Admission to an MBA programme will normally require a first
degree or equivalent. This requirement can only be lowered exceptionally
in the case of candidates with substantial and proven professional experience.
2. The MBA is a postexperience degree seen as a career accelerator
or a means to make a career shift after a minimum of 2 or 3 years'
professional experience. Programmes designed to help young graduates
prepare for their entry into professional life should normally carry
an alternative title.
3. The MBA is a generalist degree in business administration. In line
with the previous guideline it is a broadening programme. As a
result a specialized Master's degree should not be called an MBA.
4. It is important that the MBA be clearly identified with a certain
type of content. The MBA curriculum provides broad coverage
of the main functional areas in management, namely accounting, finance,
marketing and sales, operations management, information systems management,
law, human resource management. It is also expected to provide basic
instruction in economics and quantatitive analysis. The Curriculum will
normally be highly integrative and will include courses in business
policy and strategy. Beyond the mere acquisition of knowledge and technical
skills the curriculum is expected to put theory into practice by focusing
on the personal development of participants through such competencies
as decision-making, team work, leadership skills, entrepreneurial potential,
negotiation skills, communication and presentation skills. The later
part of the programme should make provision for electives and may include
the possibility for participants to choose a major area of study.
5. The MBA has a minimum length of one academic year of full-time
study or the equivalent when the programme is offered on a part-time
basis.
6. The MBA will require a minimum of 400 hours of classroom study or
structured contact. In all the programme should require a minimum of
1200 hours of personal work.
7. An MBA programme should be intellectually demanding and require
a substantial personal investment in terms of commitment and effort
8. Admission to an MBA programme should be through a rigorous process
of selection to ensure that only qualified participants are given
access to the degree.
9. Participants in an MBA programme should be rigorously assessed
through a regime of examinations and graded work in order to ensure
that learning objectives are being met up to Master's degree standards
Implementation
It should be stressed that these are merely guidelines and have no formal
basis in law. However, the supporting national associations'
aim is that they become widely used across Europe over time as a minimum
standard. It is anticipated that schools and countries which
do not yet meet these guidelines will evolve towards them, or superior,
thus resulting in a common European understanding of the MBA
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